The abacus is a calculation tool that everyone is familiar with. Who is the inventor of the abacus? What year is the exact age of invention? From the writings of Xu Yue in the Eastern Han Dynasty, we first saw the word "abacus". However, the comment says that it can only do addition and subtraction. Today, it seems that this is a prototype of the abacus. From the analysis of existing reliable data, the abacus was invented in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The masterpiece of Cheng Dawei in the Ming Dynasty, "Single Finger Algorithms" (1592) was the most widely spread and most influential work on abacus.
People have consulted a large number of historical documents. From the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the era in which Cheng Dawei (1553~1606) was located did not find the name of the inventor. In fact, the same is true of the aforementioned calculations. This shows that feudal rulers do not pay enough attention to scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, they also indicate that their inventions are a gradual process, which is gradually improved and perfected. It is hard to say which. One person's credit.
Abacus is evolved from planning. Due to the development of society, the speed and accuracy of calculations are getting higher and higher, so people have reformed the plan and created various songs. For example, the song of 14+7 is "seven divided into three into one". Similarly, the song of 14-7 is "seven retreats and threes" and so on. All additions, subtractions, multiplications, and divisions have a set of songs. In fact, before the advent of abacus, in addition to the individual division songs, almost all of the abacus songs are available.
After the songs appeared, the calculation speed increased, and continued to play with the calculations, it would be impossible. Many business people who perform calculations outdoors, due to the limitations of the objective environment, are particularly likely to confuse the calculations and cause errors. In this way, the replacement of abacus calculations has become an inevitable development trend, not only the conditions are already in place, but also become very urgently needed. It was in this situation that the craftsmen, calculators, and business people of the time worked together to develop a clever abacus.
The similarities between the abacus and the calculations are obvious. In the figures expressed by the calculations, one raises five and one raises one; and in the abacus, the one on the file is five, and the next one is one. There is a convention in the plan to call "five not single", which means that 5 can not be used alone, this is the reason for the five beads under the mid-range. Mathematical history experts can also find the basis for the calculation of two beads on the middle of the abacus. The above facts prove that the abacus is evolved from the calculation.
The abacus is one of the major scientific achievements of ancient China. The utility model has the advantages of simple structure, simple calculation and convenient carrying, and thus is widely used and has a long history. Until today, abacus is still a compulsory course for primary school students in China. Although various electronic computers and electronic calculators have become quite popular in the market, when calculating and subtracting, their calculation speed is still unable to keep up with the abacus in the hands of skilled operators of abacus.
After the abacus in China, it has spread across the ocean and spread to North Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and Arabia, making an important contribution to world civilization.
China is the hometown of abacus. Today, when computers have been widely used, the ancient abacus has not only been abandoned, but because of its flexibility and accuracy, it has been in the ascendant in many countries. Therefore, people often compare the invention of the abacus with the four inventions of ancient China, and believe that the abacus is also a major contribution of the Chinese nation to mankind. However, when did China start to have an abacus? Since the Qing Dynasty, many mathematicians have studied this issue, and Japanese scholars have invested a lot of energy into it. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence, the question of the origin of the abacus is still a lot of talks today. In summary, there are three main points.
The first is the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which were advocated by the mathematician Mei Qizhao in the Qing Dynasty. The basis is that the Eastern Han mathematician Xu Yue wrote a "Record of the Numbers", which recorded fourteen algorithms, the thirteenth is called "abacus", and said: "Abacus, control time four, Later, the mathematician of the Northern Zhou Dynasty commented on this passage, saying: "The stereotype is three points, and the upper and lower points are used to stop the beads, and the middle one is to calculate the position. Each of the five beads, the previous one Beads and the next four pearls are different, and the beads of the other colors are five, and the next four beads, the beads are each one. To the next four beads, so the cloud 'control belt four o'. The pearl travels among the three parties Therefore, the cloud 'jingwei three talents' also." These words, is considered to be the earliest record of abacus. However, some scholars believe that the abacus described in this book is at best a kind of counting tool or a simple calculation board that can only be used for addition and subtraction. It cannot be compared with the abacus that appears later.
Second, Yuan Ming, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, said that the abacus appeared in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty and was widely used in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tao Zongyi's "Nancun è¾ å½• Record", the twenty-ninth volume of "Jing Zhu", quoted the slang as a servant at the time, saying: "Where the servants are servant, when they first come, they will be arrogant, and they will not dial the automatic; for a long time, the abacus Beads, the words of the move; for a long time, the Buddha of the top of the Buddha, the words are all day, but the dial does not move." Later generations call this "three beads drama."
Comparing the old slaves to the counting beads, dialing a move, indicating that the abacus at that time was very popular. In the late Song and Yuan Dynasties, Liu Yin’s "Collection of Mr. Jing Mu" had a five-character quatrain with the title "Abacus": "Do not be a Weng merchant dance, stop the cake song. The execution is still shackled, how hard it is." This is also the evidence that the abacus appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.
As for the Ming Dynasty, the Luban Mujing compiled by Yongle has already produced the specifications and dimensions of the abacus. Xu Xinlu’s “Abacus Algorithm†and Cheng Dawei’s “Direct Algorithms†have also been introduced. Therefore, the abacus has been widely used in the Ming Dynasty, and there is no doubt about it.
With the discovery of new historical materials, the third theory that the abacus originated in the Tang Dynasty and popular in the Song Dynasty was formed. The basis is that, in the Song Dynasty famous painting "Qingming Shanghe Map", there is a pharmacy, and there is an abacus on the front counter. The abacus experts of China and Japan will enlarge the picture and confirm that the objects in the painting are modern. Use an abacus to create a similar string abacus. Second, in 1921, in Julu County, Hebei Province, a wooden abacus beads from the Song Dynasty’s home was excavated. It has been inundated by water and soil for 800 years, but it is still visible as a drum, with holes in the middle, and modern beads. Nothing different. Third, Liu Yin was a man at the end of the Song Dynasty. His "Abacus" poem is not so much a description of the things of the Yuan Dynasty, but rather a reflection of things in the Song Dynasty. Similarly, Tao Zongyi’s “Three Pearls†is seen in the sayings of the Yuanren’s proverbs, and it also reflects that “it is popular in the Song Dynasty†(“The Four Masters of the Siku Quanshuâ€) . Fourth, in the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty textbook "New Compilation Relative to Four Words", there is a nine-figure abacus map. Since it was already in the early Yuan Dynasty, it can be seen as an ordinary thing. Its appearance can at least be pushed up. Song Dynasty. In addition, the abacus of the Song Dynasty has matured from the perspective of shape, and there is no such awkwardness or roughness that new things often have. Therefore, more mathematicians believe that the birth of the abacus can be pushed to the Tang Dynasty. Because the wars of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms before the Song Dynasty continued, the development of science and technology culture was relatively sluggish, and the possibility that the abacus was born at this time was small.
The Tang Dynasty was a flourishing age in Chinese history. The economy and culture were more developed. New computing tools were needed. The two thousand years of planning used to evolve into abacus at this time. The abacus was invented at this time. It is highly probable.
The abacus is a precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, and its origins have been debated for hundreds of years and cannot be unified. I hope that more aspirants will invest in further exploration and research, and draw scientific conclusions at an early date to comfort the ancients. Innocent to future generations.
The symbol "multiply and divide, not clear," is often used to symbolize the careful calculation, not bad. In the Beijing Dongyue Temple Express Secretary, there are two large abacus, 6 feet long and 2 feet high, with a total of 29 grids and 203 abacus beads. This abacus indicates that the gods will not count the calculations for the next generation.
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