Current status of groundwater pollution in China
Although groundwater is a renewable resource, groundwater renewal and self-purification are very slow. Once it is polluted, the environmental and ecological damage caused by it is often difficult to reverse for a long time.
“Many enterprises in Weifang, Shandong Province have discharged sewage to more than 1,000 meters of water to pollute the groundwaterâ€, which has aroused concern from all walks of life. The national economy is developing rapidly, but the investment in pollution control cannot keep up. According to experts' calculations, according to China's economic development speed, environmental protection investment should account for more than 2% of GDP, and it can maintain the status quo; it must reach 2.5%, or 3%. Above, in order to make the environment better. The investment in national environmental protection has never reached 2.0%, and the highest is only 1.5% to 1.6%.
Ma Jun, head of the Beijing Public Environmental Research Center, said that the current situation of water resources in China is very serious, and the surface water resources have been seriously polluted, especially in urban areas of China. There is such a situation now - the more developed the local economy, the more serious the pollution. The Haihe River, the Huaihe River and the Liaohe River in the north have developed industries and population density, and the regional pollution is particularly prominent. In the southern Taihu Basin, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake, they are also polluted to varying degrees. “When we focus on GDP growth, we are actually paying very expensive environmental costs.â€
Harbin Songhua River, pollution is very serious
Enterprise sewage pollution caused by heavy metal pollution
Groundwater was once considered a clean and stable source of water in the absence of surface water resources and severe pollution. According to the Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control Plan, more than 400 of the 655 cities in the country use groundwater as a source of drinking water, accounting for 61% of the total number of cities; 65% of domestic water in the northern region, 50% of industrial water and 33% Agricultural irrigation water comes from groundwater. In the absence of new water sources, the loss of groundwater means a crisis of survival.
According to the Southern News Network, netizens testified that: Shandong Guangrao Dawang Town Paper Mill is a typical underground sewage discharge, using a pressure pump to discharge the malodorous water of papermaking into the groundwater system. The phenomenon that “corporate sewage goes underground†has caused many people to resonate. Many netizens have hurt Chen’s hometown: the water in their hometown has deteriorated, and many relatives and friends have suffered from cancer. Some local governments have ignored the illegal discharge of enterprises.
There is a precedent for unscrupulous companies to direct untreated sewage into the ground. In the media investigation, it was found that in addition to excavating pits and seeping wells, in order to avoid investigations, some enterprises used high-pressure pumps to directly inject large amounts of sewage into the ground. Regrettably, this phenomenon does not seem to have attracted enough attention from the government and the public, and underground sewage has not been effectively curbed. The cadmium pollution incident in Longjiang River in Guangxi during the Spring Festival last year was caused by a company that directly discharged sewage into underground caves. At the beginning of this year, the river pollution caused by the leakage of benzeneamine in Changzhi, Shanxi Province, affected the three provinces of Shanxi, Hebei and Henan, and the occurrence of malignant water pollution incidents continued to occur.
Groundwater accounts for one-third of China's total water resources. Experts from the China Geological Survey said in the International Groundwater Forum that 90% of the country's groundwater has been polluted to varying degrees, of which 60% are heavily polluted. According to the continuous monitoring data of 118 cities, about 64% of the urban groundwater is seriously polluted, 33% of the groundwater is slightly polluted, and the basic clean groundwater is only 3%.
Ma Jun said that the pollution of drinking water sources, especially heavy metal pollution and persistent organic pollution, is difficult to be eliminated by traditional water treatment processes. China's groundwater pollution has reached a time when it has to face up and have to be fundamentally contained. If it is not treated, it will not only be a rural area, but also a clean water source.
Wang Canfa, director of the Institute of Environmental Resources Law at the China University of Political Science and Law, said in an interview that the "Water Pollution Prevention Law" has specific regulations for groundwater pollution. However, there is no clear regulation on the discharge of deep groundwater in China. There is a technique in the United States for deep well infusion of particularly difficult to treat sewage, such as where it is poured, whether it will cause water pollution in the middle, and it is very strict.
Ma Zhong, dean of the School of Environment of Renmin University of China, said that similar to groundwater pollution problems, Japan and the United States also encountered in the 1950s, and these countries have raised emission standards. However, an important reason for the relief of pollution is that after the industrialization is completed, many pollution sources disappear. China is still in the process of industrialization, and pollution sources are difficult to eliminate.
a river covered by algae in Hefei
Serious groundwater pollution in rural areas
According to the Beijing News, under the influence of various pollution sources, China's shallow groundwater pollution is serious and the pollution rate is fast. In 2011, a total of 200 cities across the country carried out groundwater quality monitoring, of which the proportion of “poor-very poor†water quality monitoring points was 55%. Compared with 2010, the water quality of 15.2% of the monitoring points is deteriorating.
Ma Jun believes that the public's anxiety about groundwater pollution reflects the current situation of serious groundwater pollution. Zhao Liang, chairman of the “Green Youth Leaders Association of the Futureâ€, a non-governmental environmental organization, said that they conducted environmental surveys in the Haihe River Basin and found it difficult to find a clean river. The polluted rivers would seep into the groundwater source. Local enterprises have used sewage and seepage wells for nearly 20 years.
“There is no sewage treatment plant here, there is no environmental protection supervision, and some are the tradition of ancestors drinking groundwater!†Zhao Liang is very worried about the situation that underground pollution threatens the safety of rural drinking water. The clear river and the transparent well water have become memories. When Zhao Liang investigated the Haihe River Basin in July 2012, he found that most of the villagers were forced to give up drinking well water.
On February 18, an interview with the China Youth Daily reporter in Ganhan Village, Luanping County, Shandong Province, found that the villagers had more than ten meters of self-prepared wells, and the water that was hit was yellow and there was a thin layer of oil on the water. The villagers did not dare to drink groundwater again. In recent years, news of the smell and discoloration of well water in many plain rural areas has been reported frequently. Rural water wells mainly extract shallow groundwater, while surface water can directly infiltrate into shallow layers, which is the most serious damage.
In July 2012, when Zhao Liang investigated in Bazhou, Hebei, many villagers pointed the pollution sources to some local rolling mills. For many years, some industrial enterprises in towns, suburbs, and rural areas have used sewage, seepage, and crevices to discharge wastewater, which is very polluting to groundwater.
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation with urban sewage, etc., will contaminate the soil and form the largest source of surface pollution, while the polluted rivers and lakes will directly penetrate into the groundwater source. Deep groundwater quality is superior to shallow groundwater, which is the main source of water for many cities. However, the water barrier of some areas is very thin, and even the skylights are opened, so that the contaminated shallow water enters the deep water. The increase in urban sewage discharge, but insufficient processing capacity, and even leakage of municipal pipe network, will cause groundwater pollution. Therefore, the city is also one of the sources of pollution.
On February 20, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Chemical Environmental Risk Prevention and Control" (hereinafter referred to as "Planning"), saying that cancer villages appeared in some places due to environmental pollution. Reports of high groundwater pollution, even the sterilization of cattle and sheep, and the loss of land have also appeared in many areas. In some areas, pollution has jeopardized public water security. The sewage discharge from Haicheng, Liaoning Province caused a large area of ​​groundwater pollution. 160 people in a nearby village died due to water. Due to the serious pollution of groundwater, the large water source with a water supply of 510,000 cubic meters per day in Shandong Zibo was scrapped. Even in Beijing, Sanzhi (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) substances are commonly detected in shallow groundwater. These “three†organics are likely to exist in other cities and regions in eastern China.
Concealed groundwater pollution is difficult to monitor and often has serious consequences when discovered. "Our situation is very serious. This is an opportunity. I hope that I will not miss it again." Ma Jun hopes that the concerns raised by the Weifang sewage incident will promote the improvement of the overall environmental system.
A copper mine in Shanghang County, Fujian Province, workers are draining a leaking sewage pool
Cancer is the most polluted area
According to "Phoenix Weekly", since the 1990s, the suburban junctions of many cities in China have become industrial or industrial parks because of convenient transportation and cheap labor. They have introduced chemical companies, manufacturing and other polluting enterprises to create air pollution and water pollution. , soil pollution and other issues. After years of pollution accumulation, the damage finally broke out. Since 2002, the phenomenon of “cancer village†and “strange disease village†has appeared frequently in various parts of China, especially in provinces with rapid economic development such as Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. GDP growth and There is an associated relationship between the increase in “cancer villagesâ€. In the past two years, the trend of spreading to the provinces of the inland resources has been added. These “cancer villages†are concentrated around the industrial zone or downstream of the city, forming a terrible encirclement of the city.
A large number of epidemiological investigations and toxicological studies have confirmed that environmental pollution can cause acute poisoning in humans, and can also lead to chronic hazards, with long-term effects such as mutagenicity, carcinogenesis, teratogenicity, and reproductive disorders. In 2008, the third survey of Chinese residents' deaths completed by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Science and Technology showed that cancer has become one of the leading causes of death among rural residents in China, including lung cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer associated with the environment and lifestyle. The number of deaths from breast cancer and bladder cancer has increased significantly, with lung cancer and breast cancer rising the most, with an increase of 465% and 96% in the past 30 years. In the next 20 years, the number of cancer deaths may double.
The Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Health revealed in November 2005 that China currently has more than 7 million cancer patients and is adding about 1.6 million to 2 million new people each year. But the specific data of the "cancer village" and rural cancer patients is a mystery.
The medical community believes that 80% of cancers are currently known to be related to the environment, especially to chemicals in the environment. Water is the deadly center. Raymond, a researcher at the Stevens Cancer Center in New York, USA, studied cells from 106 people who died of various cancers and found that the water surrounding the DNA of cancer cells is different from the structure of water around healthy human cells.
China's drinking water quality standards are lower, townships are lower – taking arsenic as an example. At present, the standard for determining arsenic exceeding the standard is 0.05mg/L in China, and the population exceeding the standard is 2.89 million. If it is in accordance with World Health Organization standards (0.01mg/L) The exposed population of arsenic poisoning ward in China is as high as 15 million.
Although groundwater is a renewable resource, groundwater renewal and self-purification are very slow. Once it is polluted, the environmental and ecological damage caused by it is often difficult to reverse for a long time. Humans have not found a very effective technology to control groundwater pollution. Unsustainable cost of governance also puts groundwater pollution into a dilemma. It has been reported that in the 1980s, Japan estimated that it would cost 800 trillion US dollars to control groundwater pollution.
"Cancer Village" is the scar of "beautiful China"
According to the "Plan", more than 3,000 kinds of chemical substances are seriously harmful to human health and ecological environment. There are more than 40,000 kinds of chemical substances in China's existing production and use records, of which more than 3,000 are listed in the current List of Hazardous Chemicals. It is poisonous, corrosive, explosive, burning, and combustion-supporting. For areas with a large number of chemical production and use enterprises, large quantities of chemical production and use, and sensitive geographical location, the key areas for the development of the “12th Five-Year†chemical industry plan, risk prevention and control infrastructure and regulatory measures are still needed. Areas that have been further improved are listed as key prevention and control areas.
Focus on the prevention and control of enterprises that produce, use, store and discharge hazardous chemicals with greater environmental risks and potential hazards. For key prevention and control enterprises, through measures such as relocation and transformation, implementation of environmental management registration, implementation of clean production audit, strengthening monitoring and supervision, and improvement of emergency response system, the level of prevention and control will be improved and environmental risks will be reduced.
Economic development, ecological protection, public health, how the interests of these three parties are balanced, and more and more test the local government's ability to govern. In fact, for some local governments, it is not important whether the chemical environmental management base and risk base are clear. The “cancer panic†of ordinary people is not important. What is important is that these chemical companies can bring economic benefits. Local GDP contributes. The pollution of the ecological environment and the health of the people seem to have to give way to economic development. However, the purpose of economic development is ultimately to let the public enjoy a better life. When the people have no basic health, what is the significance of the economic development?
In January this year, the General Office of the State Council issued the “Measures for the Implementation of the Most Strict Water Resources Management Systemâ€, and proposed to assess the implementation of the most stringent water resources management systems in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. As a result, the competent authorities are mainly responsible for the governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. One of the basis for the comprehensive evaluation of the people and the leadership team is an assessment period every five years. This move marks the official establishment of China's most stringent water resources management responsibility and assessment system.
However, a strict system, which is written on paper alone, is equal to zero and must be implemented in actual action. The root cause of the increasingly serious water pollution lies in the performance evaluation mechanism of local governments that pursues GDP. If you do not give up this development idea, water pollution will become a disaster. "Beautiful China" is not a concept, but a real action. In the face of pollution, we need responsible supervision and strong accountability. On another level, in the economic development, while strengthening environmental protection and correcting the drawbacks of industrial civilization, this also warns that China must detoxify GDP.
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